Factors Affecting Faculty Members’ Readiness to Integrate Artificial Intelligence into Their Teaching Practices: A Study from the Saudi Higher Education Context

Badiah N. M. Alnasib

Abstract


Artificial intelligence (AI) has been around for about three decades. However, use of AI in pedagogy on a large scale and examination of its impact on teaching practices in higher education are under-researched topics. This study examined the readiness of 465 faculty members at King Faisal University in Saudi Arabia to integrate AI into their teaching practices as well as the factors influencing that readiness. A 46-item online survey was used to collect data. The results show that the respondents demonstrated an average readiness to integrate AI into their teaching (M = 3.40, SD = 0.841). Statistically significant correlations were found at the 0.01 significance level between faculty members’ readiness to incorporate AI into teaching and the perceived benefit of AI in higher education and teaching; attitudes towards AI; behavioral intentions to use AI; and facilitative conditions for AI use. Significant differences were found at the 0.05 significance level regarding faculty members’ readiness to integrate AI into their teaching according to gender, age, and teaching experience. However, no statistically significant differences were found at the 0.05 significance level in terms of faculty members’ readiness to integrate AI into their teaching according to college type or academic rank. Thus, it is recommended that faculty members’ readiness to integrate AI and their knowledge of and skills concerning AI and how to use it to improve educational institution outcomes be enhanced.

https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.22.8.24


Keywords


artificial intelligence; attitude; behavioral intention; faculty members; higher education

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abdullah, A. (2023). ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? "???" ????????? [The latest artificial intelligence and robotics technologies that appeared at the Leap Conference in Saudi Arabia]. https://www.aljazeera.net/tech/2023/2/9/

Agarwal, P. (2006). Higher education in India: Chancing realities and response. Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations.

Ahmed, Z., Bhinder, K. K., Tariq, A., Tahir, M. J., Mehmood, Q., Tabassum, M. S., Malik, M., Aslam, S., Muhammad Sohaib, A., & Yousaf, Z. (2022). Knowledge, attitude, and practice of artificial intelligence among doctors and medical students in Pakistan: A cross-sectional online survey. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 76, 103493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103493

AlAhmari, F. (2022). Perspectives of Saudi dental students on the impact of artificial intelligence in dentistry: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Research in Medical and Dental Science, 10, 33–45. https://www.jrmds.in/articles/perspectives-of-saudi-dental-student-on-the-impact-of-artificial-intelligence-in-dentistry-a-crosssectional-study.pdf

Al-Aqeel, W., & Al-Shammari, L. (2015). ??????? ??????? ? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????- ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????- ??? ???? " ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????? [Competitions and their role in the commercial development of twenty-first-century skills] [Conference session]. Second International Conference for the Gifted and Talented – Under the Slogan ‘Towards a Strategy for Nurturing Innovators’]. College of Education / United Arab Emirates University, 19–21 May. https://conferences.uaeu.ac.ae/gtic/ar/papers/482_498.pdf

Al-Bagzi, F. (2019). ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? [Using artificial intelligence applications to support university education in Saudi Arabia]. AAE, 113, 257–282. https://saep.journals.ekb.eg/article_54126.html

Al-Habib, M. A. (2022). ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? (???? ?????) [Employing artificial intelligence applications in training faculty members in Saudi universities from the point of view of education experts (A suggested proposal)]. The Journal of the Islamic University of Educational and Social Sciences, 9, 276–317.

Alhawiti, M. (2013). Developing a new technology infusion program for preparing pre service teachers. US–China Education Review, 3(12), 877–887. http://doi.org/10.7763/IJIET.2013.V3.259

Al-Hujaili, S., & Al-Frani (2019). ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? [Artificial intelligence in education in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]. Almajalat Alearabiat Liltarbiat Alnaweia, 4, 71–84. http://search.shamaa.org/PDF/Articles/EGAjqe/AjqeVol4No11Y2020/ajqe_2020-v4-n11_071-084.pdf

Al-Hussein, K. (2019). ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????: ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? [Opportunities and challenges facing the University of Tabuk under the NEOM Project: Field study from the perspective of students and faculty members of the university]. Dirasat Fi Altaelim Aleali, 15, 97?122. https://search.mandumah.com/Record/979900

Alkhamis, S. (2017). "?????? ?????????": ???? ????? "????" [Artificial intelligence is the foundation of the NEOM project]. Alegtitisadiah Newspaper. https://www.aleqt.com/2017/10/28/article_1273946.html

Alshrane, S. (2022). ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? [A proposed strategy to develop the preparation of the general education teacher in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in light of the trends of artificial intelligence]. ???? ???????, 196, 330–413. https://jsrep.journals.ekb.eg/article_278291_cf377468542f823823294b2c5039baa1.pdf

Al-Subhi, S. A. (2020). ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? [The reality of artificial intelligence application use in education by faculty members at Najran University]. Journal of College of Education, 24, 320–368. https://search.mandumah.com/Record/1117384

Ayanwale, M. A., Sanusi, I. T., Adelana, O. P., Aruleba, K. D., & Oyelere, S. S. (2022). Teachers’ readiness and intention to teach artificial intelligence in schools. Computers & Education, 3, 100099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100099

Bain, C. D., & Rice, M. (2006). The influence of gender on attitudes, perceptions, and uses of technology. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 39(2), 119–132. http://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2006.10782476

Baker, T., Smith, L., & Anissa, N. (2019). Educ-AI-tion rebooted? Exploring the future of artificial intelligence in schools and colleges. Nesta. https://media.nesta.org.uk/documents/Future_of_AI_and_education_v5_WEB.pdf

Bates, T., Cobo. C., Marino, O., & Wheeler, S. (2020). Can artificial intelligence transform higher education? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 17, Article 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-020-00218-x

BERA. (2018). Ethical guidelines for educational research (4th ed.). https://www.bera.ac.uk/publication/ethical-guidelines-for-educational-research-2018

Bucea-Manea-Tonis, R., Simion, V. E., Ilic, D., Braicu, C., & Manea, N. (2020). Sustainability in higher education: The relationship between work-life balance and XR e learning facilities. Sustainability, 12, 5872. http://doi.org/10.3390/su12145872

Carvalho, L., Martinez-Maldonado, R., Tsai, Y., & Markauskaite, L. (2022). How can we design for learning in an AI world? Computers and Education, 3, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100053

Chai, C. S., Lin, P. Y., Jong, M. S. Y., Dai, Y., Chiu, T. K., & Qin, J. (2021). Perceptions of and behavioral intentions towards learning artificial intelligence in primary school students. Educational Technology & Society, 24(3), 89–101. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27032858

Chatterjee, S., & Bhattacharjee, K. K. (2020). Adoption of artificial intelligence in higher education: A quantitative analysis using structural equation modelling. Education and Information Technologies, 25, 3443–3463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10159-7

Chen, X., Xie, H., Zou, D., & Hwang, G. J. (2020). Application and theory gaps during the rise of artificial intelligence in education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 1, 100002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2020.100002

Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2002). Research methods in education (6th ed.). Routledge.

COMEST. (2019). Preliminary study on the ethics of artificial intelligence. United Nations. https://ircai.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/preliminary-study-on-the-ethics-ofartificial-intelligence

Cox, A., Pinfield, S., & Rutter, S. (2019). The intelligent library: Thought leaders’ views on the likely impact of artificial intelligence on academic libraries. Library Hi Tech, 37, 418–435. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-08-2018-0105

Della Ventura, M. (2018). Twitter as a music education tool to enhance the learning process: Conversation analysis. In L. Deng, W. Ma, & C. Fong (Eds.), New media for educational change (pp. 81–88). Springer. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-10-8896-4_7

EDUCAUSE. (2018). Horizon report: 2018 higher education edition. https://library.educause.edu/~/media/files/library/2018/8/2018horizonreport.pdf

EDUCAUSE. (2019). Horizon report: 2019 higher education edition. https://library.educause.edu/-/media/files/library/2019/4/2019horizonreport.pdf?la=en&hash=C8E8D444AF372E705FA1BF9D4FF0DD4CC6F0FDD1

Egbert, J., Paulus, T., & Nakamichi, Y. (2002). The impact of CALL instruction on language classroom technology use: A foundation for rethinking CALL teacher education? Language Learning & Technology, 6(3), 108–126. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249853147_The_impact_of_CALL_instruction_on_classroom_computer_use_A_foundation_for_rethin

Følstad, A., Brandtzaeg, P. B., Feltwell, T., Law, E. L., Tscheligi, M., & Luger, E. A. (2018). Chatbots for social good [Conference session]. The Extended Abstracts of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Montreal QC, Canada, 21–26 April. https://doi.org/10.1145/3170427.3185372

Hamet, P., & Tremblay, J. (2017). Artificial intelligence in medicine. Metabolism, 69(S36?S40). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2017.01.011

Hinojo-Lucena, F. J., Aznar-Di?az, I., Ca?ceres-Reche, M.-P., & Romero-Rodri?guez, J. M. (2019). Artificial intelligence in higher education: A bibliometric study on its impact in the scientific literature. Education Sciences, 9(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci9010051

Islahi, F., & Nasrin. (2019). Exploring teacher attitude toward information technology with a gender perspective. Contemporary Educational Technology, 10(1), 37–54. https://doi.org/10.30935/cet.512527

Johnson, R. B., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004). Mixed methods research: A research paradigm whose time has come. Educational Researcher, 33, 14–26. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X033007014

Kim, H., & Karpova, E. (2010). Consumer attitudes toward fashion counterfeits: Application of the theory of planned behavior. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 28(2), 79–94. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247783823

King Faisal University. (2023a). ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? [The university holds the first artificial intelligence camp and invites those concerned to register]. https://www.kfu.edu.sa/ar/Pages/DispForm.aspx?i=2467&t=m

King Faisal University. (2023b). ????? ???? ??????? [Faculty members]. https://services.kfu.edu.sa/OpenData

Kuleto, V., Ilic, M., Dumangiu, M., Rankovic, M., Martins, O. M. D., Paun, D., & Mihoreanu, L. (2021). Exploring opportunities and challenges of artificial intelligence and machine learning in higher education institutions. Sustainability, 13, 10424. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810424

Laupichler, M. C., Aster, A., Schirch, J., & Raupach, T. (2022). Artificial intelligence literacy in higher and adult education: A scoping literature review. Computer Education, 3, 100101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100101

Luckin, R., Holmes, W., Griffiths, M., & Forcier, L. B. (2016). Intelligence unleashed: An argument for AI in education. Pearson Education. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1475756/

Mahdi, H., & Al-Dera, A. S. (2013). The impact of teachers’ age, gender and experience on the use of information and communication technology in EFL teaching. English Language Teaching, 6, 57–67. http://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v6n6p57

Mahfuz, A. (2023). ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? [What does the future of artificial intelligence look like in Saudi Arabia?]. https://www.vice.com/ar/article/yw8amx/???-????-??????-??????-?????????-??-?????????

Miao, F., Holmes, W., Huang, R., & Zhang, H. (2021). AI and education: Guidance for policy-makers. UNESCO Publishing.

Nardi, B. (2017). Automation and heteromation: The future (and present) of labor. https://blog.castac.org/2017/05/automation-and-heteromation/

Nasrallah, R. (2014). Learning outcomes’ role in higher education teaching. Education, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues, 7(4), 257–276. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBS-03-2014-0016

Ng, D. T. K., Leung, J. K. L., Chu, S. K. W., & Qiao, M. S. (2021). Conceptualizing AI literacy: An exploratory review. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2, 100041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100041

O’Keefe, L., Dellinger, J. T., Scragg, B., Amelina, N., & Mathes, J. (2020). The state of online learning in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Covid-19 impact study for K-12. Online Learning Consortium & National eLearning Center. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED608877.pdf

Owoc, M. L., Sawicka, A., & Weichbroth, P. (2021). Artificial intelligence technologies in education: Benefits, challenges and strategies of implementation. In E. Mercier-Laurent, M. Özgür Kayalica, & M. Lech Owoc (Eds.), Artificial intelligence for knowledge management (pp. 37–58). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80847-1

Oyelere, S. S., Sanusi, I. T., Agbo, F. J., Oyelere, A. S., Omidiora, J. O., & Adewumi, A. E. (2022). Artificial intelligence in African schools: Towards a contextualized approach [Conference session]. 2022 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference, Gammarth, Tunisia, 28–31 March.

Popenici, S. A. D., & Kerr, S. (2017). Exploring the impact of artificial intelligence on teaching and learning in higher education. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 12(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41039-017-0062-8

Rahman, M. S., Das, S., Hossain, G. M., & Tajrin, T. (2020). Teenagers’ behavioural intention towards wearable technologies and intention to recommend others: An empirical study in Bangladesh. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management, 13(1), 2053–4620. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTPM-05-2020-0088

Sanusi, I. T. (2021). Intercontinental evidence on learners’ differentials in sense-making of machine learning in schools [Conference session]. 21st Koli Calling International Conference on computing education research, Joensuu, Finland, 18–21 November (pp. 1–2). https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3488042.3490514

Saudi Data & AI Authority. (2022). ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? [United Nations efforts in artificial intelligence]. https://sdaia.gov.sa/ar/SDAIA/about/Pages/AboutAI.aspx

Saudi Press Agency. (2023). ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? [The Kingdom will host the Global Summit on Artificial Intelligence at the end of next March]. https://www.spa.gov.sa/viewstory.php?lang=ar&newsid=1987824

Silander, C., & Stigmar, M. (2019). Individual growth or institutional development? Ideological perspectives on motives behind Swedish higher education teacher training. Higher Education, 77, 265–281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-018-0272 z

Srinivasan, V. (2022). AI & learning: A preferred future. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100062

Su, J., Zhong, Y., & Ng, D. T. K. (2022). A meta-review of literature on educational approaches for teaching AI at the K-12 levels in the Asia-Pacific region. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100065

Sugandini, D., Purwoko, P., Pambudi, A., Resmi, S., Reniati, R., Muafi, M., & Adhyka Kusumawati, R. (2018). The role of uncertainty, perceived ease of use, and perceived usefulness towards the technology adoption. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(4), 660–669. https://eprints.upnyk.ac.id/17878/

Todman, J. (2000). Gender differences in computer anxiety among university entrants since 1992. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 34, 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1315(99)00036-6

Tomašev, N., Cornebise, J., Hutter, F., Mohamed, S., Picciariello, A., Connelly, B., Belgrave, D. C. M., Ezer, D., Cachat van der Haert, F., Mugisha, F., Abila, G., Arai, H., Almiraat, H., Proskurnia, J., Snyder, K., Otake-Matsuura, M., Othman, M., Glasmachers, T., de Wever, W., Teh, Y. W., Khan, M. E., de Winne, R., Schaul, T., & Clopath, C. (2020). AI for social good: Unlocking the opportunity for positive impact. Nature Communications, 11(1), 2468. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-15871-z

UNESCO. (2019). Artificial intelligence in education: Challenges and opportunities for sustainable development. UNESCO.

UNESCO. (2022). K-12 AI curricula: A mapping of government-endorsed AI curricula. UNESCO.

Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS Quarterly, 27, 425–478. https://doi.org/10.2307/30036540

Voskoglou, M. G., & Salem. A. M. (2020). Benefits and limitations of the artificial with respect to the traditional learning of mathematics. Mathematics, 8(611), 1–15. https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/8/4/611

Wood, E. A., & Miller, B. L. (2021). Are we ready to integrate artificial intelligence literacy into medical school curriculum: Students and faculty survey. Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development, 8, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1177/23821205211024078

Xu, L. (2020). The dilemma and countermeasures of AI in educational application [Conference session]. 2020 4th International Conference on Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Zhuhai, China, 11–13 December (pp. 289–294).

Yaghi, H. M. (2001). Subject matter as a factor in educational computing by teachers in international settings. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 24, 139–154. http://doi.org/10.2190/9YWV-DDUL-7G4F-6QVX

Yang, X. (2019). Accelerated move for AI education in China. ECNU Review of Education, 2, 347–352. https://doi.org/10.1177/2096531119878590

Zawacki-Richter, O., Marín, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019). Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education: Where are the educators? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16, Article 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


e-ISSN: 1694-2116

p-ISSN: 1694-2493